Decoding “Shelter Speak”

By Mollie Jackman

Woman reading body language of mixed breed dog at animal sanctuary
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We’re all pet people here, so it’s time to let you in on a little secret: Sometimes, shelter volunteers, staff, and foster parents care so much for their temporary residents, that they only see the best in them. This can be great for shelter pets, who all deserve to be adored, but can also lead to unfortunate misunderstandings, such as pet parents deciding to adopt based on the shelter’s description of a “young, energetic and loyal dog,” but coming home to realize that they need to help address their new pup’s specific challenge of generalized anxiety or separation anxiety.

While it’s understandable that shelter staff wants to put every pet’s best paw forward, it can ultimately result in adopters bringing home pets they aren’t prepared for, which doesn’t benefit anybody. To avoid that, here are some tips and tricks for decoding “shelter speak” and preparing for what those cute descriptions could really mean when applied to everyday life with your new pet.

What common shelter attributes really mean

Let’s get started with a few of the most common attributes listed on shelter placards and online pet profile descriptions and what they might actually indicate. We spoke with Jennen Herbst, Fear Free certified dog trainer, American Kennel Club (AKC) evaluator, and dog bite prevention educator, to get her take on the most commonly misleading pet descriptions at shelters.

To be clear, none of these descriptions should prevent you from adopting a pet, nor do they necessarily mean the below. These are common terms that could have a somewhat hidden meaning that adopters should be aware of so they can best care for the dog they bring home. Here are Herbst’s interpretations:

  • “Selective” could indicate behavioral problems, such as reactivity and resource guarding.
  • “Nervous” can be an understatement of more serious issues, including extreme fear or anxiety.
  • “Strong-willed” is often used to describe a pet who needs a parent who is willing to put a lot of time into training; they could just take more time to train.
  • “High-maintenance” can describe a pet who may need a lot of grooming, mental enrichment, or even medication for special needs.
  • “Enthusiastic” can indicate a high-energy pet who needs a job or a lot of stimulation. These pets may be best suited to homes without very young children or elderly people.
  • “Intense” pets may have trouble interacting with people and/or other animals. They may lack boundaries or display more serious behavioral issues.
  • “Queen/King” is often used as a descriptor for a pet who’s not a great contender for living with other animals (or often small children).
  • “Lap-Dogs/Lap-Cats” can be attention-seeking and have high needs.
  • “Trainable” pets sound pretty perfect but can indicate a high level of intelligence and drive to solve problems/challenges — which means they’ll need you to devote time to training or providing mental enrichment.
  • “Loyal” is another commonly used word to describe dogs in particular, but it can sometimes indicate a pet may be protective of their family members or even possessions. This is just another thing to be aware of and work on in training.

Another phrase Herbst mentions is worth looking out for is “altercation.” This is an important one to take seriously, she says, because “altercation may make it seem like the dog was not in anything big, but [the shelter] could be avoiding giving all the information on how serious it was.”

Again, none of this is to deter adopters from giving these pets good, loving homes but rather to give them all the information they need to give them the kind of home and attention they need to succeed.

Asking questions is critical

Getting as much information as possible beyond the short descriptions shelter volunteers and staff write makes it more likely that your adoption will be successful, and shelter staff want that, too.

“Research, research, research,” Herbst says regarding her tips on selecting a pet to bring home. “Ask all of the questions; you can never ask too many.”

Herbst suggests asking about the following topics:

  • The pet’s history or how they came to the shelter or rescue
  • Their behavior in previous homes
  • Any medical issues they may have
  • Altercations the pet has been involved in
  • Guarding behaviors
  • Behavior around older people and/or kids
  • Behavior around men vs. women
  • Exercise and mental stimulation needs
  • Any breed information available

If the shelter knows what breeds the pet you’re interested in may be, Herbst recommends researching those breeds to learn about their characteristics, typical mental and physical needs, potential health issues, and problem behaviors. Keep in mind that not every pet of a certain breed shares every characteristic, especially in mixed breeds, but it can’t hurt to have all the information ready.

The pros of “shelter speak”

While those quippy little descriptions of adoptable pets may not always be the most upfront about a pet’s potential issues, they often help bring adopters in the door to at least meet the pets. “If only extremes are shown in bios, no one would ever show interest,” Herbst says.

No pet is perfect, just like no pet parent is perfect. It often takes meeting a pet in person for a potential adopter to understand how that pet could make a great addition to their family despite their struggles.

Shelters should still disclose any issues that they’re aware of at the time of adoption to adopters, and Herbst stresses that it’s critical for shelters and rescues to fully explain behavior issues and ways to work with or manage them to avoid headaches and heartbreak for all those involved down the line.

Your new pet is home — now what?

Once you’ve asked all the questions you can think of and still feel confident that the pet will be a good fit for your family and home, it’s time to take the next step and bring your new family member home. While every new pet will have an adjustment period, new pet parents often face a few common issues (especially if they didn’t follow the steps above). Here are a few of the most common issues Herbst sees with newly adopted pets and how they typically come to light.

Minor Behavioral Issues

Potty training, anxiety, destructiveness, and other annoying but minor behavior problems can happen when pets move into a new home. “These may not always be noticed at a shelter or if they had settled into a foster home,” Herbst says. She adds that these “can come about as a dog is settling in.”

Intra-animal issues

“Not every dog gets along with every other dog right away (or ever),” Herbst says, and the same is true for all animals (even humans). “Bringing a new dog into the home can really change the dynamics and cause behavior issues for any dog,” she says. “Even if the resident pet seems to be having issues, the adopted pet could pick up on that.”

Bonding takes time

“It takes time for people to really get to know their pets and for the pets to really get to know their new families,” Herbst says. Many people have high expectations for a perfect transition, especially if they’ve been close with their pets in the past. Per Herbst, when a new pet isn’t fitting in immediately, people often assume something is wrong instead of giving their new pet time to adjust and settle in.

Inexperienced pet parents

To combat some of the most common issues new pet parents face, such as struggling with training, Herbst recommends that adopters ask the rescue or shelter to share what resources they’ve already tried and to work with a trainer who already knows their new pet if possible.

“Try setting up an initial session with them to discuss specifics that could help the pet settle in,” she says. “If they don’t have one available, you can reach out to any local positive [reinforcement] trainer for a start up session.”

Do your homework ahead of time

“In a perfect world, a pet would find a home right away, but the world is not perfect,” Herbst says. “Pets are like people — they may not like every person and/or animal they meet, and we need to accept that.”

Of course, to set themselves and their new pet up for success, adopters should follow the advice above to ensure they have the resources available to care for the pet they bring home. Adopting a pet is a great thing, but it’s important to make sure you understand you’re giving them everything they need.


Mollie Jackman is a writer, editor, and graduate of Lindenwood University’s MFA in writing. She’s also a pet parent to a goofy big-eared dog and two brown tabby cats, plus a rotating cast of foster animals. When she’s not reading, writing, or picking up strays, she can be found binge-watching arguably terrible reality TV shows and cooking competitions or rolling around the local skating rink in Columbia, Missouri.

Top 20 Smartest Dog Breeds

mixed breed dog follow tunnel command agility
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All dogs have a great capacity to learn, perform tricks, and, of course, convince you they deserve another treat. A “smart dog,” however, is often thought of as a dog who is highly trainable. But according to dog trainer and behaviorist Karen London, Ph.D., a dog’s intelligence can be measured in many different ways, and the characteristics that make a dog smart can vary widely. Some of those qualities include being highly trainable (including being able to learn new commands quickly), adaptable, able to learn complex tasks, and possessing good problem-solving skills. Smart dogs are also emotionally intelligent and able to interact positively with humans and other animals.

“Smart” dog breeds have historically been given jobs that suit their talents, and today, many of these dogs have important jobs, such as search and rescue, therapy, and service work. Whether you’re looking for a loyal companion or a working dog, these genius dog breeds are sure to impress you with their cleverness and adaptability. Just be careful — they might end up running the household.

Most intelligent dog breeds:

smart border collie dog during herding trial
Vasyliuk / Shutterstock

1. Border Collie

Border Collies are known for their intelligence, agility, and herding instincts. Lots of Border Collies are still gainfully employed as working dogs on farms and ranches, but whether working or not, they’re quick to pick up skills related to obedience training, agility competitions, and flyball.

While the Border Collie is considered one of the most intelligent dog breeds, they require a lot of mental and physical stimulation and may try to herd other pets or even children if they need something to do. They can be encouraged to redirect this energy, but may not be a good fit for potential pet parents who don’t have lots of dog experience.

cattledog posing in a yard
Tanya / AdobeStock

2. Australian Cattle Dog

The Australian Cattle Dog, or “Blue Heeler,” is another herding breed known for working with cattle. The breed, which hails from Australia, is medium-sized with a muscular build and a short, dense coat speckled gray-blue or red. They have a strong work ethic and are loyal and protective of their families, though they can be shy with strangers. While Heelers are highly intelligent, they are also pretty independent, which can translate to stubbornness. They are a great fit for active households with plenty of opportunities to exercise their minds and bodies.

hypoallergenic giant schnauzer
Arny GS/Unsplash

3. Schnauzer

The Schnauzer is a breed that originated in Germany. These smarty-pants dogs have wiry, salt-and-pepper coats and a lot of confidence; they’re aware of everything going on around them. They’re friendly, personable, and make great family pets. They are also pretty good watchdogs, which means some barking is to be expected. They need regular exercise, but mental stimulation is more important for a Schnauzer. After some explorative play, they love cuddling on the couch with their people.

White german shepherd running
wolfhound911 / AdobeStock

4. German Shepherd Dog

German Shepherds are very versatile and trainable for all sorts of jobs and circumstances. They have an imposing presence, with a muscular build, and have transitioned from their original jobs as herders and sheep guarders to, most frequently, working for the police and military, as they are loyal and have protective instincts that lead them to respond intensely to potential threats. These persistently smart pups can also make great service dogs and have a strong desire to please their people. They need patient and knowledgeable handlers to be at their best and require lots of regular exercise.

Belgian Malinois dog sitting on the edge of a fountain
OlgaOvcharenko / AdobeStock

5. Belgian Malinois

The Belgian Malinois is another smart herding dog who has segued into military and police work but can also be trained for search and rescue and as a service dog. These dogs get super focused on whatever new tricks they’re asked to do and can stay focused for a long period of time. If only we all could say the same. With that much brain power, the Belgian Malinois needs lots of mental activity and exercise, so they need experienced pet parents with time for training and outdoor runs. But it’s worth it — a well-trained Malinois is an amazing companion.

weimaraner standing in front of tree
Karolina Grabowska / Pexels

6. Weimaraner

The Weimaraner is a large breed with a short, sleek coat that is typically silver-gray and a lot of brains. Weimaraners were originally bred as hunting dogs and have a strong prey drive, lots of endurance, and immense speed. They are now often used in search and rescue teams, police work, and as service dogs. Though tough, Weimaraners are very loyal and affectionate with their pet parents and need a lot of company to prevent anxiety and destructive behavior. They also need plenty of exercise.

smart poodle following down command
RDNE Stock project / Pexels

7. Poodle

The Poodle offers so much: intelligence, elegance, and a hypoallergenic coat, which is curly and non-shedding. There are even different sizes for different households: Standard, Miniature, and Toy. Poodles are considered by many to be one of the most intelligent breeds, as they are quick learners who are great with obedience, agility, and even hunting. They also make great service dogs. Just don’t leave them to their own devices too much, or they’ll get creative in destructive ways.

popular Labrador retriever dog on stairs
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8. Labrador Retrievers

The Labrador Retriever is one of the most popular dog breeds in the world. These dogs are known for their intelligence, friendly personalities, and loyalty. Their coats can be various colors, including black, yellow, and chocolate, and they were originally bred to retrieve game and fish. They love to swim and need a lot of exercise, as well as social time to be happy pups. They’re generally very friendly and a common choice for families with kids, and they like other animals, too.

shetland sheepdog training indoors
Katja / Adobe Stock

9. Shetland Sheepdog

The Shetland Sheepdog hails from Scotland and was originally bred as a herding dog. Like most herding dogs, they’re super smart and still love participating in competitive herding trials. They can make great therapy dogs or work in search and rescue roles — give this dog a job, and they’ll thank you. They are loyal, affectionate, and social, and love the company of people and other animals. They have a lot of personality and energy, so are a good choice for families with the time, space, and patience to train them properly.

cockapoo dog going through agility tunnel
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10. Cockapoo

The Cockapoo is a mix of a Cocker Spaniel and a Poodle. The character traits they inherit from each parent can vary, but like their Poodle parent, Cockapoos are hypoallergenic. Both Poodles and Spaniels are intelligent breeds, and Cockapoos also generally inherit this trait. They’re also affectionate and social, making them great family pets. They’re pretty adaptable to their surroundings, and with enough exercise and mental stimulation, they’re adaptable to most environments, including apartments.

smart flat coated retriever in grass
Pixabay / Pexels

11. Flat-Coated Retriever

The Flat-Coated Retriever has exceptional retrieving abilities and a thick, shiny coat (hence the breed’s name). These retrievers have a unique face that almost appears to be smiling, and they have a reputation for being eager to please to match. They’re playful, outgoing, energetic, and very adaptable; they thrive in many different living situations. They are also often used as therapy dogs as they are gentle and social.

Smart papillon doing agility
Lobstrosity / Shutterstock

12. Papillon

The Papillon is a toy breed that originated in France and has beautiful butterfly-shaped ears and silky coats. Although usually considered a lap-dog, the Papillon is highly energetic and active; these smart pups are stars at agility and obedience trials. Papillons are quick to learn and agreeable. They love people and other pets and are quite fearless despite their size. They are great for apartment living as long as they get exercise and mental stimulation.

Happy rottweiler dog with pet parent
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13. Rottweiler

The Rottweiler is a large breed known for their protective nature and big brains; they are quick to learn and have a strong desire to obey. Though they are independent, Rottweilers are fiercely loyal to their families and are often used as guard dogs. They require consistent training and socialization to help make the best of their abilities.

English Springer Spaniel in yard
Celyn Bowen / Unsplash

14. English Springer Spaniel

The English Springer Spaniel is a sweet, playful, friendly pup who is also plenty smart. They have an excellent sense of smell and strong tracking abilities and have historically been used as hunting companions. They also have great problem-solving skills and still work alongside hunters today. If you don’t like clingy pets, they’re not for you; the Springer Spaniel is sometimes referred to as a “velcro dog” since they always want to be by your side. They’re also chill with all types of environments as long as they have company and regular activity.

smart schipperke dog
Jaroslav Machacek / AdobeStock

15. Schipperke

The Schipperke is a small breed with a thick, black, water-resistant coat and a build often described as “sturdy.” These smart dogs have fox-like faces and thin legs, and are quite energetic and playful. The Schipperke is a clever and independent thinker who won’t be overly reliant on you for direction. That can be a good or bad thing, depending on your relationship, but obedience training is something they’ll take well to with consistency.

medium-sized pembroke welsh corgi on skateboard
Masarik / Shutterstock

16. Corgi

Corgis, a smart breed of herding dogs originating in Wales, have long, stocky bodies and adorable short legs. Not much is cuter than a Corgi’s waddle, and they’re well-known for being popular amongst the U.K. royals. Corgis who don’t live in palaces, however, still work as herding dogs today and are adaptable to different living situations, including apartments. These smart pups are highly responsive to training and enjoy learning new commands and tricks. Corgis’ excellent memories help them remember commands and routines forever. Despite their small size, they need a lot of exercise to keep waddling into their old age.

golden retriever dog in field
Tanya / AdobeStock

17. Golden Retriever

The Golden Retriever was originally a hunting dog but is now more often a beloved family dog. They have beautiful yellow coats and smiling faces and are smart and friendly. Golden Retrievers are highly active dogs who need lots of exercise and mental stimulation. They’re very attuned to human emotions and are often used as therapy dogs because of their calming presence and ability to comfort people. They’re a great choice for a first dog.

doberman sitting in forest
Creation Hill / Pexels

18. Doberman Pinscher

Originally bred to work as personal protectors and guard dogs, Dobermans are often used as police and military dogs because, when well-trained, they can quickly assess potential threats and respond to the slightest command. They have an alert and protective nature and make excellent watchdogs, but also make good family pets; they’re very sensitive to their pet parent’s feelings. They need a lot of exercise and mental stimulation to feel and act their best, but the Doberman makes a wonderful, loyal companion.

happy collie sitting in field
Kanashi / Pexels

19. Collie

There’s a reason Lassie was always saving Timmy — Collies are the epitome of smart. Collies are blessed with an extraordinary level of intelligence that lets them solve puzzles and learn tricks with the ease of a seasoned pro. Just keep in mind that their brilliance sometimes leads to mischievous antics, when not provided enough physical exercise and mental enrichment.

mixed breed dog sitting in back of car
Eva / AdobeStock

20. Mixed Breed Dog

Don’t overlook one of the most common types of intelligent dogs: mixed breeds. These dogs exhibit a wide range of physical and behavioral characteristics because of their genetic diversity, which can result in unique dogs who are intelligent, athletic, and friendly. They can be just as trainable and reliable as purebred dogs and may also have a lower chance of having inherited diseases and health problems than purebred dogs.

However, mutts’ temperament and behavior can be influenced by a variety of factors, too, including their environment, socialization, and training — but the same can be said for purebred dogs. There’s no way to predict who your pet will be, so be sure to spend time with them before bringing them home.

Can you train your dog to be smart?

A dog’s intelligence is often measured by their training, and most dogs are capable of being trained if that training is compatible with their natural abilities. In his book, The Intelligence of Dogs, Dr. Stanley Coren examines how a dog’s intelligence and behavior related to specific tasks is influenced by their historical breeding for specific jobs. Essentially, an otherwise smart dog of one breed might struggle with a task they weren’t bred to excel at. For example, a toy-driven dog might not respond to a name game, like the famed Chaser who knew over 1000 words, because they are simply uninterested in toys — making them less motivated to the task at hand. So, find something that motivates your pup and unleash their inner genius with a little mental exercise such as puzzles, trick training, memory games, obedience training, herding, agility, and nose work.

12 White Dog Breeds (Big and Small) with Solid White Coats

Woman with white dog getting her paw
If you’re thinking about bringing home a new BFF and happen to have a soft spot for white dogs, you’re not alone. Loving white dogs is a cross-cultural, cross-generational experience.

While fur color doesn’t define a dog’s personality, there’s something appealing about the clean, crisp look of a white floofy coat. And white dogs stand out in a crowd, making them quite photogenic. These beautiful pups come in many different shapes, sizes, and temperaments: there are white dogs for active people, families with kids, people with allergies, and those of us who want to spend most of our time watching TV.

Just remember, regardless of fur color, each dog is a unique individual. If you’re ready to welcome a new pup into your life, focus on finding the right match in terms of temperament, energy level, and grooming needs. But hey, if you’re partial to snowy coats, here are some of the most popular white dogs, big and small.

Small white dog breeds

Here are some of the cutest white small dog breeds:

white west highland terrier in woman's lap
Irina Efremova / Stocksy

1. West Highland Terrier

The West Highland White Terrier, also known as the Westie, is a small baby originating in Scotland. These white dogs have dense, wiry, double-layered coats, muscular bodies, and pointy ears. Westies are known for their lively, confident, and loyal personalities. They can be trained with consistency and positive reinforcement but are quite independent and need some patience and persistence. They need lots of daily exercise and playtime, especially chasing and digging, ideally outside — you don’t want them to try and do either inside the house.

Coton de tulear lying on side
SimonSkafar / iStock

2. Coton de Tuléar

The Coton de Tuléar is appropriately named after cotton fiber; these companion dogs have beautiful puffy white coats that need brushing to prevent mats, but don’t shed very much. They’re generally very quiet and like people and other dogs. They can be shy with strangers — their devotion is entirely for their pet parents — and can be good guard dogs. They like learning new things and take well to training. The Coton de Tuléar also only needs moderate exercise, so enjoy their company on the couch.

white bichon frise dog rests head on womans shoulder
Branko Starcevic / Stocksy

3. Bichon Frise

The Bichon Frise is a white dog breed with a big personality, bred to liven up circus performances. The Bichon Frise is playful, social, and cuddly. They love running around outside and soaking up all the attention they attract. The Bichon Frise grows a long, fluffy white coat that requires regular brushing and grooming and can be formed into interesting shapes, so that’s fun. Unfortunately, the Bichon Frise does not love being left alone and can be destructive if ignored. They also have a reputation for being difficult to housebreak. This is definitely a dog that needs your full attention.

white maltese dog
Amanda Large / Stocksy

4. Maltese

Maltese dogs have beautiful white coats that will grow into swinging silky curtains if not kept trimmed. They are surprisingly low-shed, but still need regular brushings to keep out tangles. Grooming them is drama-free, though: they will sit in your lap and absorb your attention with joy. They are easily trained and adaptable to different environments, so they can fit into apartments or big homes. They love kids, but they’re delicate, so make sure any children they’re around know how to handle them.

White American Eskimo Dog
Nikita Korchagin / Pexels

5. American Eskimo Dog

The American Eskimo dog is considered an “ancient breed” that has a bit of wolf in its bloodline. That said, these dogs can come in different sizes, some of which are pretty tiny. Similar to the Japanese Spitz, all American Eskimos, have flowing white fur coats, striking, fox-like faces, and long plumed tails that curl up over their backs. Despite their elegant build, they are extremely active and energetic and want lots of activity and exercise.
Havanese dog on sofa
Vista Photo / iStock

6. Havanese

Havanese are lap-dogs with wavy coats that puff out around their faces like a lion’s mane. Instead of a majestic feline face in that mane, though, you’ll find a goofy teddy bear with floppy ears. Their coats require a lot of grooming and can be styled many ways. Havanese make great therapy dogs because of their inexhaustible need for human attention, but the other side of that coin is that they can get very loud and destructive if you leave them alone for too long. If you can bring your dog to most places you go, this is the one for you.

Big white dog breeds

Don’t forget about large dog breeds. Here are six bigger white dog breeds:

white samoyed dog jumping after ball at beach
Yakov Knyazev / Stocksy

1. Samoyed

The Samoyed is the ultimate floof. Originally from Siberia, Russia, where they grew thick fluffy white coats to protect themselves from and blend in with the harsh Arctic landscape. Samoyeds make wonderful pets but obviously don’t do well in warm climates. They love outdoor play in cool environments, especially the snow, and they need lots of daily exercise. Samoyeds like hiking, running, and playing, but should always have access to shade and water. One note is that they have a high prey drive, so only pair them with other animals their size or larger for the sake of household peace.

White german shepherd running
wolfhound911 / AdobeStock

2. White German Shepherd

German Shepherds are typically known for their black and tan coloration, but there are White German Shepherds; they are the same breed but with a recessive gene that affects pigment production. They have pure white coats, pink noses, and light-colored eyes, but their coloration is unrelated to albinism. German Shepherds are quite strong and have a reputation for fierceness, and while they tend to be protective, they can be very loving, loyal, and affectionate with their pet parents. Careful socialization is a must as are long walks and play. They will be happiest when learning tasks that challenge their skills with agility and tracking. And whatever color they are, German Shepherds need lots of brushing.

White dog Great Pyrenees on leash with woman
Petro / AdobeStock

3. Great Pyrenees

The Great Pyrenees breed hails from a mountain range bordering France and Spain, and, like their name suggests, they are big. Their long, rangy bodies are covered in a shaggy white coat that is usually white or cream, and they need lots of grooming. They were bred as working dogs set to guard sheep, have a mild temperament, and are friendly and affectionate. They can also be amazingly stubborn when they don’t feel like doing something. Invest in training, and they can make wonderful family pets. A Great Pyrenees needs lots of regular exercise and play, but they’re happy to quietly relax with you afterward.

white bull terrier sits in woman's lap
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4. Bull Terriers

The Bull Terrier is a muscular and athletic dog with a short, shiny coat that can come in a range of colors, including pure white. They are known for their playful and outgoing personalities and being extremely smart; they need plenty of mental stimulation. They can also be quite stubborn but will take to training with patience and positive reinforcement. Bull Terriers also need a lot of exercise and space to run around. But be cautious: without proper socialization and early positive experiences, they can get aggressive with other dogs and strangers. They’re a breed that’s best for experienced pet parents.

white standard poodle pet by owner with red hair
Marija Kovac / Stocksy

5. Standard Poodle

Poodles come in all different colors, but one of the most iconic visions people have of poodles is of a big white dog covered in sculptural curls. These water dogs also come in several sizes: Standard, Miniature, and Toy. Poodles are generally very smart, and their temperaments tend to correlate with their size: the little guys have a reputation for being feisty, while the larger they are, the more complacent they tend to be. Poodles have curly coats that are considered hypoallergenic because they are hair, not fur. Their coats can get quite long, so keep them brushed and groomed. Most of all, have fun with your poodle: they need to keep those sharp minds occupied with lots of play.

Cream Golden Retriever
Samantha Gehrmann / Stocksy

6. Golden Retrievers

Golden Retrievers are well-known for their eponymous golden coats, but they can also have pale cream, nearly white fur color. They have broad, open faces that look like they’re always smiling, and those faces match their friendly, outgoing personalities. Golden Retrievers are known for being great, affectionate family pets who are fond of kids. They’re also very active dogs who need lots of regular exercise and playtime, including swimming, fetching, and going on long walks or hikes. They also love training that requires focus and makes them feel useful. Try teaching them to get the newspaper in the morning as a nostalgic throwback.

Caring for white dog breeds

Grooming white dog breeds and keeping their coat bright demands regular maintenance and some elbow grease. Not literally of course — grease will only make things worse.

Brushing and bathing

Brush your white dog regularly to remove any dirt, debris, or dead hair dulling their coat. Slicker brushes or combs can help gently remove tangles and mats. Regular baths with a mild dog shampoo and conditioner are also important; rinse thoroughly to avoid leaving any soap residue and dry thoroughly afterward with a towel and a blow dryer set to the very lowest setting so dust doesn’t turn into mud in your dog’s newly washed locks.

Sun exposure

A somewhat controversial fact is that overexposure to the sun can cause a white dog’s coat to yellow or become discolored. Bringing your dog inside during the hottest parts of the day will help, but don’t forgo outdoor time just to keep your dog brighter. They deserve play and sunshine, too, and will likely get a little yellow with age anyway. Besides changes in fur color, dog breeds with white fur are more likely to get sunburned than other breeds, so be sure to use sunscreen on any thinly covered areas.

Shampoos

There are whitening shampoos that can help brighten your dog’s coat and remove any discoloration, but make sure to choose a high-quality product that is specifically designed for dogs. What doesn’t harm our scalps could irritate their skin. Check with your veterinarian to ensure your shampoo of choice is suitable for your dog.

Healthy diet

You can also treat your dog from the inside out with a well-balanced, nutritional diet that helps keep your dog’s coat healthy and shiny.

FAQs (People Also Ask):

What are the biggest white dog breeds?

Some of the biggest white dog breeds are Great Pyrenees, Samoyed, Akita, Irish Wolfhound, and Siberian Husky which all can have completely or partially white coats.

What types of white dogs are there?

There are over 12 breeds of dogs that can come in solid white — they can range from small to large, some are smooth coated while others are fluffy or curly.

What breeds of white dogs have pointy ears?

There are several breeds of white dogs with pointy ears including American Eskimo, Japanese Spitz, Samoyed, Bull Terrier and the West Highland White Terrier.

Are all white dogs deaf?

No, not all white dogs are deaf. Certain breeds of dogs have a greater likelihood of being born with deafness, particularly those with a white coat. Dogs with albinism, merle or dapper coats, or spots are at a higher risk.

Which white dog breeds are really fluffy?

Two of the most well-known white dog breeds that are really fluffy are the Samoyed and the American Eskimo. With big floofy snow-colored coats, these pups are sure to melt your heart.

Are there any big white dogs that don’t shed?

All dogs shed, but the Standard Poodle is known for being a low-shedding dog breed that comes in many colors, including white.

Are solid white dogs rare?

Nope, unlike solid white cats, there are several healthy and common dog breeds specifically bred for their luscious white coats.

References:

Sunburn and Dogs

West Highland White Terriers History

Dog Breeds With Reported Congenital Deafness

Breed-Specific Deafness Prevalence In Dogs

Largest Dog Breeds

16 Largest Dog Breeds

Why White Dogs are White

7 Surprising New Discoveries About Dog Traits

Naked Cats: 10 Hairless Cat Breeds

hairless cay breed- calico sphynx
Considering adopting a hairless cat? Though they have unique needs and challenges, most hairless cat breeds are affectionate, loyal, and fun. While some cats have a naturally occurring gene mutation that creates the condition, others are bred for it in ways that can cause health problems as the bloodline shortens, or because their hairlessness makes them more susceptible to skin conditions.

Hairless cats come in two varieties, completely smooth and peach fuzz, both of which are meant to be indoor cats. Like any nude creature outdoors, they can get sunburned easily. These cats have specific grooming needs that might not be for every pet parent — but you’ll never have to brush them or worry about fur on your clothes and furniture.

Before bringing home any new cat, make sure you understand the cost and time required to properly care for them. Curious about which cat breeds are the ultimate floofs? Check out these fluffy cat breeds known for their extra floofiness. Read on to learn about ten nude cat breeds.

Hairless (and nearly naked) cat breeds

 


Julia Isaeva / Stocksy

1. Sphynx

The distinctive Sphynx cat is a popular choice for folks who want a hairless cat. These cats can have variegated skin tones, but are often a pale pink flesh tone. Hairlessness and wrinkles in these cats are produced by genetic mutations, but the Sphynx wasn’t selectively bred for this trait until the 1960s — some displayed it and some didn’t, so by pairing those who were born hairless, it became a consistent trait. These cats are very affectionate and love learning new tricks and spending time with people.

They do get very oily and require regular bathing, or you might end up popping kitty zits — which, for the record, vets don’t recommend as doing so can make the acne worse or spread infection. Get ahead of the issue with warm suds. They are prone to Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Hereditary Myopathy, and Periodontal disease and can also have trouble regulating their body temperature. Great excuse to buy cat sweaters.

Tiny dwarf Bambino cat breed
Peterpancake / Shutterstock

2. Bambino

A Bambino cat is a Sphynx crossed with a Munchkin, a cat that naturally has short, stubby legs. This bald cat breed generally looks like the Sphynx but with smaller legs. Cats of this breed can also inherit health problems from both the Sphynx and the Munchkin; the Sphynx is susceptible to Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Hereditary Myopathy, and Periodontal disease, while Munchkins are susceptible to bone deformities, including along the spine.

These health issues make them a controversial new cat breed of their own, having only been launched in 2005. Like the Sphynx, the Bambino is vulnerable to the sun, the cold, and skin conditions. 


jurra8 / AdobeStock

3. Donskoy

The Sphynx and the Donskoy, sometimes called the Russian Hairless, look similar, but their hairlessness comes from different genetic mutations. The Donskoy is usually leaner than the rounder naked Sphynx, with more sharply almond-shaped eyes.

Some Donskoy cats are born with fur coats that they may lose to some degree as they age — they’re distinguished as flocked, velour, and brush coats. Flocked Donskoy cats are almost totally hairless but for a thin coat. The ones born “nude” are called “rubber bald.” These cats are very affectionate, love to cuddle, and can be as loyal as a dog.

Dwelf cat breed sitting near plants
dwelfanddrool / Instagram

4. Dwelf

Another carefully bred and costly cat, the Dwelf is a mix of Sphynx, Munchkin, and American Curl. The Dwelf looks similar to the Bambino, but the most notable visual difference between these hairless cat breeds is the Dwelf’s curly and textured ears. Because the breed is rare, they have a small gene pool, which makes it harder to breed healthy cats. They are susceptible to health problems, including skin issues, heart disease, spine curvature, and joint disease.

small Elf cat wearing a colorful sweater
Max Simonov / Unsplash

5. Elf

The Elf cat is a hairless mix of Sphynx and American Curl. These cats have the same curly ears as the Dwelf, with somewhat longer legs and very soft wrinkly skin folds. They love to climb and play and are quite social and cuddly. They will definitely demand your attention. The Elf was bred by Karen Nelson and Kristen Leedom in 2004, so the breed is quite rare.


Julianne Carlile (life.with.lykoi) / Instagram

6. Lykoi

Lykoi cats, also known as “werewolf cats,” can have varying amounts of fur as a result of a naturally occurring genetic mutation discovered in Domestic Shorthairs about two decades ago. When their full coat comes in, it is usually black and gray and sparse resulting in a lot of naked skin showing through. This breed usually has large yellow eyes and big pointed ears with similarly shaped faces to a Sphynx. They bond well with one person and other cats but can be shy at first. Once they warm up to you, they’re great companions and love hunting and playing fetch.

Small tortoiseshell Minkin Cat
mondayandgreta / Instagram

7. Minskin

The Minskin is another rare nearly naked cat that is a fairly new breed; the breed is a mix of Munchkin, Burmese, Sphynx, and Devon Rex. They often have a thin coat, but you can usually see the classic Sphynx skin folds through it. They’re usually quite small with short legs even when fully grown, and since they come from a number of other friendly breeds, you can expect them to be affectionate and playful, too.

recused Peterbald naked cat
zenlovecat / Instagram

8. Peterbald

The Peterbald cat originated in Russia and became popular in the mid-1990s. They’re still popular, making them both rare and expensive. They come in different colors but are most often gray or with the color-point pattern of a Siamese cat. They’re sometimes compared to an Oriental shorthair in build, but they have that neat hair-losing genetic mutation. They can be quite friendly and talkative. 

Sphynxiebob cat hiding in house
Drazen / iStock

9. Sphynxiebob

If you want a cat that is both hairless and tailless, the Sphynxiebob — a mix between a Sphynx and a Bobtail cat — is for you. Breeder April Arguin debuted this breed, which looks remarkably similar to a Sphynx with the adorable little short tail of a Bobtail, in 2015. Described as “velcro kittens,” they make wonderful family members because they love human company and will follow you around the house to get their much-needed daily dose of attention.

orange Ukrainian Levkoy cat
Alexandr Junek Imaging / Shutterstock

10. Ukrainian Levkoy

This breed is a cross between a Donskoy and a Scottish Fold, which results in a nearly hairless cat with soft wrinkly skin and large inward-folding ears. They’re often long-bodied and muscular and are most popular in Russia and Ukraine. They come in all different colors but tend to be gray, black, or mixed white and black in a piebald pattern. They’re quite affectionate and social.

Tips on caring for a hairless cat

Regular baths

One of the big demands of a hairless cat is bathing. Without fur, oil can quickly build up on their skin, and they must be regularly cleaned to prevent acne or rashes. Luckily, most hairless cats are amenable to gentle bathing, especially if you get them used to it young. 

Vets will have recommendations, but choose a pet shampoo without a strong scent and use warm water — never hot. Make sure to rinse thoroughly and then pat them dry afterward. Because they have no fur, they need to be kept warm and not left moist. If they do get an acne breakout, use a mild antibacterial soap for pets and contact your vet if things don’t improve.

Sunscreen

Naked cats have sensitive skin that can easily get sunburned when exposed to the sun’s UV rays. Pet-safe sunscreen can help protect their skin from damage, which can lead to discomfort, pain, and even skin cancer. To avoid sunburn and associated skin problems, apply whenever they’re outside or spending a good amount of time toasting in the window.

Nail and ears

Hairless cats need help with typical things a cat does for grooming, such as nail cutting. They especially need ear cleaning. They have no hair in their ears, so they can easily have a wax build-up that blocks their ear canal entirely.

FAQs (People Also Ask):

Do hairless cats get cold?

Yes, hairless cats get cold easily and need help regulating their body temperature. In the winter, it’s good to have some cozy cat outfits and sweaters for them or make sure your home is appropriately heated. If the temperature is too cold for you to be comfortable naked in, it’s probably too cold for your hairless cat.

Are hairless cats hypoallergenic?

There’s no such thing as a fully hypoallergenic cat, but because hairless cats don’t shed, that can help with some allergy sensitivities. All breeds of cats can produce the protein that causes allergic reactions in their dander, saliva, and even their urine. Some cats within select breeds, including some hairless cats, naturally produce less of the protein that triggers cat allergies in people. Regularly bathing your cat will clean up dander and other protein-carrying dust on the cat’s body.

Are there different types of hairless cats?

Yep, there are different types (breeds) of hairless cats. The ten most common types of hairless cat include the Canadian Sphynx, Bambino, Donskoy, Dwelf, Elf, Lykoi, Minskin, Peterbald, Pixiebob, and Ukrainian Levkoy.

Many hairless cats are available for adoption at local shelters and rescue groups across the United States. Start your search for a friendly hairless cat at adoptapet.com

References

Vivovet Bambino

TICA Donskoy

TICA Sphynx

About Peterbalds

Genetics: Sphynx Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Histological and dermatoscopic description of sphynx cat skin

Why are Sphynx cats hairless?

All About  the Sphynx

About the Ukrainian Levkoy 

Is Petting the Key to Helping Shelter Dogs Cope?

By Karen London, PhD

More than walking them, petting shelter dogs is critical for their well-being.
petting shelter dogs
Filip Petronijevic / Stocksy
Petting dogs is one of the great joys of life, and the benefits of this simple action are well-known. For people, it can lower blood pressure and the levels of stress hormones (such as cortisol) and raise the levels of various neurotransmitters that elevate our mood. It’s not a magic pill, but it sure feels like one sometimes. But how does petting benefit dogs?

The importance of relieving shelter stress

It’s well-known that shelters can be very stressful for dogs. The noise, the smells, and the lack of sustained social contact with dogs or people make shelter life really hard on them. Any positive experiences we can offer while they’re in a shelter are likely to mitigate this stress. These experiences can be solo, such as providing dogs puzzle toys, things to chew on, soft bedding, and exercise, but human-interaction-based enrichment is currently popular. A lot of research on this type of interaction focuses on playing, petting, walking, and training, but the consensus has long been that the best way for people to help dogs thrive in a shelter environment is to walk them regularly and track the amount of time spent walking dogs to use it as a measure of success. 

Walking all the dogs in a shelter multiple times per day, however, is very time-intensive for staff members and volunteers and thus is costly. Many shelters struggle with insufficient resources, so devoting a significant amount of time to a protocol that hasn’t been well-studied is a concern.

Petting and walking may be the best stress relief for shelter dogs

In addition to walking being time-consuming and costly, it turns out that it may not be the most effective stress reliever after all. A study by Jacklyn Ellis, PhD, found that the value of petting shelter dogs surpasses the value of walking them.

Ellis evaluated three protocols for human interaction with shelter dogs to determine which forms of interaction had the biggest positive effect on the dogs’ well-being.

  • One group of dogs walked four times a day for 10 minutes (40 minutes total).
  • A second group also walked four times a day, but for longer intervals: three times for 30 minutes and one time for 10 minutes (100 minutes total).
  • The third group was walked four times a day for 10 minutes and had two petting sessions of 15 minutes (70 minutes total).

To assess the effect of these different interactions on the dogs’ well-being, researchers measured the dogs’ cortisol levels, oxytocin levels, and heart rates. They also watched for behavior related to positive emotional signs (approaching the front of the kennel, stretching, tail wagging) as well as signs of fear, anxiety, and frustration (lip-licking, yawning, barking, shaking off, whining, gaze aversion, panting).

The study concluded that the shelter dogs’ well-being was enhanced by people spending time petting and walking them versus walking them only. The data show that this was the case even when the total amount of time spent with people was greater for dogs whose only scheduled interactions were the walks.

Tools for shelter success

The idea that a combination of walks and petting sessions is more beneficial to shelter dogs than walks alone is good news because this type of enrichment requires less time. It’s important to continue to explore the best ways to enhance shelter dogs’ well-being, especially in ways that are not prohibitively time-intensive. 

For example, it’s possible that it’s not the benefits of petting specifically, but of multiple forms of enrichment, no matter the type, that resulted in this experiment’s success. Playing and walking or petting and training may have similar positive effects on dogs. And, as Ellis notes, larger sample sizes than were used in this study are needed to draw firm conclusions.

 However, the preliminary results from this study certainly suggest that petting is every bit as powerful and effective at helping dogs feel better as it is at helping people feel better.

The Top 7 Breeds for the Active Dog Parent


Ivan Gener / Stocksy
by John Durfee

Like most young boys, I always wanted a dog of my own. As an adult, I still wanted to have a furry best friend by my side. I recently moved into a larger home and I finally had the open space and backyard to have a dog. But I also lead a very active lifestyle; I exercise at least four times a week and weekends are usually outdoor excursions in the high desert hiking, running, or camping. I wanted to have a companion who could keep up with me and would also enjoy the constant activity as much as I do. After doing my research, I came across seven breeds that would be ideal for an active individual like me.

Seven Breeds for the Active Pet Parent

Woman running with dog
Oleksii Syrotkin / Stocksy

Siberian Huskies

These grand and majestic animals are also known as sled dogs. Having been bred to pull Inuits across vast distances, this is your ultimate long-distance breed. If you do plan on running with a Husky, it’s best to do so in moderate to cold climates as their thick coats can easily lead to overheating. They’re gentle but very curious creatures so you should always keep them leashed as you may end up having to chase them down for a long period if they see something that catches their attention.

Foxhounds

Not nearly as popular as other breeds, this is an old English Hunting dog. The aristocracy used to hunt with them in packs as they were known for running many a mile on the chase of a scent. They have a great sense of smell and are very friendly and active in demeanor. You wouldn’t have any issue running in open and populated areas with this breed, as they’re bred to focus and won’t spook easily.

woman running with viszla dog
Studio Firma / Stocksy

Viszla

Originating from Hungary, Viszla are beautiful animals. They have sleek rust-colored coats and the build of a greyhound. They are originally pointing and retrieving dogs, but they have great endurance and energy for any running/hiking activities. They are very protective (their nickname is “Velcro dog”), so you won’t need to worry about them running off if you’re on a trail or in a park. This is one of the few breeds of mid-size dogs that is not prone to Hip Dysplasia, a form of joint arthritis. They have a lifespan of 12-14 years.

Boykin Spaniel

The Boykin Spaniel is a friendly, social dog that does best in a family environment with lots of outdoor activity. They were originally trained to be water-hunting dogs, so they are equally adept at being at the beach as they are on dry land. They have curly coats that grow to medium length and are a dark brown/chocolate color. Because of their coats, they’re best suited to colder climates. Regular coat maintenance is a must as their fur can easily tangle and catch a lot of natural debris.

large brown doberman dog
Demetr White / Stocksy

Doberman

Carved into our collective consciousness as guard dogs or police dogs, Dobermans make a great choice for women. Because of their aggressive appearance and stance, with a Doberman, you’ll feel more secure about running at night. Dobermans are intelligent and highly protective, so you’ll need to train them young. Once they are properly trained, you’ll have no issue taking them outdoors and in public.

Newfoundland

If you do a lot of activity on the waterside, such as swimming or surfing, you can’t get much better than a Newfoundland. Newfoundlands are long-coated water dogs who love being in and around water. They’re very large dogs and can be anywhere between 100 to 150 pounds with white and black coats. They were bred for pulling in fishing nets and other heavy equipment. They’re a gentle breed and have been known to rescue people from drowning. They are known for their endurance and can be in the water with you all day long. They will probably want to stay even when you’re surfed out.

English Setter

This is another breed well suited to the aquatic environment. Visually, they have the build of a golden retriever with the color of a Dalmatian – black and white spots. They’re high energy and great for moderate to cold environments. They don’t have quite the running endurance as compared to Viszla or Rhodesian Ridgebacks, but a great all-around breed if you split your time between beach and trail.

woman running with two mixed breed dogs
Milles Studio / Stocksy

Don’t forget mixed breeds

Often, the best companions are adopted from local shelters. Not only will you be giving a loving animal a much-needed home, but most mixed breeds also have lower instances of health problems like hip dysplasia. And they allow you to enjoy the benefits of several breeds. Lab mixes are known for their energy and can make excellent running companions for even top-notch athletes.

With all dog breeds, you should be aware of their foot pads and on what surface you run on. If you plan on doing runs of 5k a few times a week, try to stay on grassy areas because even smooth surfaces such as asphalt will wear down their pads quickly. Or, you can purchase running “shoes” for dogs. They may look funny but they will save your dogs’ pads in the long run. Always make sure your dog drinks lots of water beforehand and keep an eye out for overheating, as they will often run past the point of safety. Also, only run with adult dogs whose joints have fully formed.

John Durfee is a Gulf War veteran and the marketing manager for Airsplat, the nation’s largest retailer of Airsoft Guns and Airsoft Apparel.

The Complete Guide To Rabbit Care

By Adrienne A. Kruzer, BBA, RVT, LVT

woman holding and taking care of bunny
David Prado / Stocksy
There are plenty of reasons rabbits have grown in popularity as pets (including the joy their big ears, soft fur, and fluffy tails bring), and there are now over 50 breeds of rabbits for bunny lovers across the world to care for. Some breeds have special considerations, but overall, caring for any rabbit breed requires the same basic equipment and knowledge. If you’re interested in adopting a rabbit, or even if you already have one, here’s your guide to what to know and have to keep your rabbit healthy and happy and make sure they live a long life.

Setting expectations

The lifespan of a healthy pet rabbit is between five and ten years, but for your rabbit to have a happy life, you’ll need to do your part in providing them with proper care. Rabbits have individual personalities and offer amazing companionship, but in exchange, they require space, regular cleaning, proper nutrition, mental stimulation, and veterinary care. They also should have a rabbit friend, so if you’re planning on getting a bunny, you should ideally plan on getting two. A rabbit requires more work than a hamster or guinea pig, so it’s important to know everything that’s required to properly care for them before deciding that a rabbit is the right pet for you.

What to feed a rabbit

Rabbits are herbivores, so they only eat plant matter, but the specific kinds and ratios of different plant matters are important. As a young rabbit, alfalfa hay should make up about 80% of your rabbit’s diet, with some dark leafy greens and fortified rabbit pellets making up the remaining 20%. As your rabbit matures into an adult, you’ll want to switch your adult rabbit from alfalfa hay to a grass hay such as orchard or timothy hay. Limit rabbit pellets to about 1/4 to 1/2 cup a day, but you can provide up to two cups of dark leafy green vegetables. If you have a dwarf breed or other smaller breed of rabbit, you may need to decrease the amount of vegetables and pellets you provide.

There are a variety of raw vegetables that can be fed on a daily basis to rabbits, including:

  • Alfalfa sprouts
  • Arugula
  • Basil
  • Beet greens
  • Bell peppers
  • Bok choy
  • Boston bibb lettuce
  • Brussels sprouts
  • Butter lettuce
  • Carrot tops
  • Cilantro
  • Clover sprouts
  • Cucumbers
  • Dill
  • Endive
  • Escarole
  • Fennel
  • Green leaf lettuce
  • Mint
  • Okra leaves
  • Oregano
  • Parsley
  • Pea pods
  • Radicchio
  • Radish sprouts
  • Radish tops
  • Red leaf lettuce
  • Romaine lettuce
  • Rosemary
  • Sage
  • Thyme
  • Watercress
  • Wheatgrass
  • Zucchini

The following vegetables and fruits can be fed on a limited basis (once or twice a week) to avoid digestive issues:

  • Apple (with the seeds removed)
  • Banana
  • Blackberries
  • Blueberries
  • Broccoli (only the stems and leaves)
  • Calendula flowers
  • Carrots
  • Chamomile flowers
  • Chard
  • Clover
  • Cranberries
  • Cherries (with no pits)
  • Collard greens
  • Dandelion greens (pesticide-free)
  • Day lily flowers
  • Dianthus flowers
  • English daisy flowers
  • Grapes
  • Hibiscus flowers
  • Honeysuckle flowers
  • Kale
  • Marigold flowers
  • Melon
  • Nasturtium flowers
  • Nectarine
  • Orange
  • Pansy flowers
  • Papaya
  • Peach
  • Pear
  • Pineapple
  • Plum
  • Raspberries
  • Rose flowers
  • Spinach
  • Strawberries
  • Watermelon

Also make sure to provide fresh water from both a water bottle and a water dish. Rabbits will drink more water if you provide a water dish, but choose one that cannot be easily tipped over.

Spaying / neutering

Rabbits sadly have a high prevalence of reproductive organ cancers, so spaying or neutering your rabbit is a good idea to keep them healthy. Neutering males will also help decrease territorial behaviors such as aggression and urine marking, and if you have both male rabbits and female rabbits living together, getting them spayed and neutered will prevent an unwanted pregnancy. Not all veterinarians are able and willing to perform surgeries on rabbits, though, so you may need to do some research to find a vet near you that treats them.

It’s ideal to spay or neuter your rabbit when they’re between four and six months of age, but the procedure can be performed later in life as well. There’s always a risk when anesthesia is involved, so discuss the pros and cons of these surgeries with your veterinarian to determine what is best for your rabbit.

Rabbit enclosure and environment

Rabbits are not the kind of pets that can just sit in a cage. They require space to run, play and explore safely outside their cages, as well as an enclosed area to eat and sleep.

Depending on your home, your rabbit may be able to live outdoors year-round in a hutch, which can be made or purchased. Just make sure your rabbit’s hutch is secure enough that predators like hawks and raccoons cannot get inside them. If you want to let your rabbit run around outside, use a harness and leash or x-pen to give them some extra space — but always closely supervise them.

If you choose to house your rabbit indoors, purchase a large rabbit cage or make an enclosure out of a dog crate, x-pen, or large storage container. In addition to a cage, your rabbit should also have a rabbit-proofed room or area to run around when they’re not sleeping in their enclosure.

Rabbits don’t do well in environments above 77 degrees, so you’ll want to limit outdoor time when it’s hotter and ensure you provide them ways to keep cool. If you don’t have air conditioning, make sure your rabbit’s space has frozen water bottles, fans, and other things that help them stay cool.

bunny in hutch
Robin Deimel / AdobeStock

Exercise and enrichment

Rabbits love to run and play — activities that are also good for their physical and mental health. Provide your rabbit with ample space each day to exercise, as well as toys, food puzzles, and other forms of enrichment. Toys that your rabbit can pick up, roll, or throw are popular options in addition to toys that can be chewed. Keeping your rabbit’s body and mind busy is important for its overall well-being, so you can provide mental stimulation by stuffing hay and vegetables into empty toilet paper roll tubes, tissue boxes, and store-bought food puzzles.

Litter training

No one likes to find urine and feces all over the place, plus having a designated area for your rabbit to eliminate waste matter makes your cleaning routine much easier. Choose a litter box with low edges so your rabbit can easily see and access the area and place it somewhere your rabbit already prefers to urinate, such as in a corner. A corner of an enclosure or room is a popular place for a litter box to be placed, but rabbits also often defecate while they eat, so you may want to place your rabbit’s hay hopper so that they have to sit in the litter box while they eat.

Place absorbent, dust-free substrate in the litter box, and put some of your rabbit’s feces and urine in the litter box if they eliminate outside of it during the training process. This will help attract and remind your rabbit of where they should go. Avoid cedar, pine, or other wood shavings which can cause health issues for some rabbits. And don’t use clay or cat litter either; they are unsafe for rabbits.

You can reward your rabbit with healthy treats if you see them using the litter box but don’t punish your rabbit if they don’t.

Rabbit proof your home

Choose a rabbit-proofed room or area in your home for your rabbit to spend time in each day. If you can’t rabbit-proof an entire room, an x-pen can create a large space within a room for your rabbit to run around in. Make sure there aren’t any carpet, strings, or wires in this area that your rabbit could chew on, get tangled in, or pull up. Also, keep dogs and cats away from the space and cover or close up any areas where your rabbit might be able to get stuck, such as floor vents, spaces under doors, tables, or shelves.

How to handle and pet a rabbit

Rabbits should never be picked up by their ears or scruffing. Both of these restraint methods are stressful and can injure a rabbit. To safely pick up your rabbit while also ensuring they feel secure, place one hand under their chest and the other under their hind end. Hold the rabbit close to your body while supporting them. If your child wants to hold your rabbit, have them sit on the ground to avoid the rabbit accidentally falling or being dropped. Don’t let your rabbit dangle while kicking their legs or restrain them so firmly that if they kick their legs hard against a surface, they’ll injure their back.

To pet a rabbit, gently stroke their fur in the direction that the fur naturally lies. Rabbits enjoy having their head scratched and their back pet, but specific rabbits may also enjoy having their chins scratched or even request a belly rub by flopping over onto their sides.

Socializing

While they can be held and cuddled, bunnies may respond fearfully at first, perhaps with a sudden movement that could startle a small child and result in the bunny being dropped. For that reason, a rabbit may not be an ideal pet for kids under five. If your rabbit is not well-socialized, gaining their trust may take some time. Tasty treats should be reserved to give to your rabbit during socialization time, but patience is the key ingredient. Move slowly and allow your rabbit to come to you, and avoid grabbing or startling them. Sitting on the ground in your rabbit’s play area encourages your rabbit to hop up to you but let them come to you — don’t chase them. You can also hand feed your rabbit their regular hay and vegetables each day if they aren’t used to being around people at all. This will help them learn to trust you. Rabbits can nip, but they are not typically aggressive and are more likely to run away if they are scared rather than bite.

Grooming

Some rabbits need more grooming attention than others, but your rabbit may require regular grooming, including brushing, haircuts, nail trims, baths, and ear cleanings. If your rabbit has fur that regularly tangles, has mats, or gets feces stuck in it, it may require regular brushing or haircuts. Most rabbits need nail trims unless they spend enough time on surfaces that will naturally wear their nails down. Your rabbit may also need ear cleanings, especially if they have an ear infection, mites, or floppy ears. They usually only need baths if they get dirty and special care should be taken not to stress, chill, or overheat them while bathing them.

Bunny check-ups

As of 2021, one vaccination is available for rabbits in most of the United States: Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV2). This vaccine is not legally required like rabies vaccines are for dogs, cats, and ferrets. Because of this, many pet owners don’t think that rabbits need regular check-ups with a veterinarian, but this is not the case. Rabbits should receive annual physical examinations just like other pets so their vet can look for any changes in their health and hopefully address them before they become problems. Your veterinarian will listen to your rabbit’s heart, lungs, and gut sounds, look in their eyes, ears, and mouth, feel their body for any lumps or other abnormalities, watch them move around the room, and discuss their behavior, environment, and diet.

Consider adopting a rabbit

Since many people do not understand all the time required to properly care for a pet rabbit, many relinquish their rabbits to shelters and rescue groups. While you can purchase a rabbit from a pet store or breeder, you may want to consider rescuing a rabbit by adopting one instead. Contact your local humane society, SPCA, ASPCA, or rabbit rescue group to see if any rabbits are available for adoption. Even if you are looking for a specific breed or age of rabbit, you may be surprised to find that exact type of rabbit is near you, waiting for a new home.

References

Rabbit Diet: What to Feed a Bunny

Basic Rabbit Care Handout and Infographic

Practitioner’s Guide to Pocket Pet and Rabbit Theriogenology

How to Keep Rabbits Cool in Summer

Rabbit Vaccines: Everything You Need to Know


Adrienne Kruzer is an accomplished veterinary technician and writer with over 15 years of hands-on experience caring for domestic and exotic animals.

The Top 4 Reasons Cats Are Surrendered to Shelters

By Lindsay Hamrick, CPDT-KA
surrendered cat
Lucas Ottone / Stocksy
If you’ve found yourself in the heartbreaking situation of potentially needing to surrender or rehome your cat, you’re not alone. Millions of cats and kittens are brought to local animal shelters and rescues each year, and while the reasons behind the decision to surrender a pet can be complex, there are ways to prevent the drastic action of rehoming a pet. Here are some tips for common pet issues that could make all the difference:

1. Housing

A lack of affordable and safe pet-friendly housing tops the list of reasons both cats and dogs surrendered to shelters or rehomed by their owners to family and friends. According to the American Veterinary Medical Associationus-pet-ownership-statistics, over 25 percent of U.S. households own at least one cat and an estimated 72 percent of renters have pets, making housing a major factor in whether cats stay with their families for the duration of their lifetimes.

f you’re potentially moving, start your search as early as possible. The more time you have to monitor websites for pet-friendly apartments and homes, the more likely it is that you’ll snag a good fit. It also gives you more time to negotiate with property owners who may be on the fence about allowing a cat.

Create a cat resume, highlighting all the ways your cat is a great roommate. Ask your veterinarian to write a cat recommendation, highlighting that they’re up-to-date on vaccines, well-groomed, and well-behaved when they come in for visits. If you’ve previously rented with a cat, ask your prior landlord to write a letter of recommendation. Nothing convinces a new property owner like the opinion of a previous landlord.

2. Behavior

Behavioral challenges rank up there with housing as a leading factor for families who feel they have no alternative but to surrender their cat. The good news is behavioral science is improving, and there are so many resources to support you.

Cats really love their routines, so when we decide to bring a friend home for them, they aren’t always bursting with excitement. You can set them up for success by slowing this process way down. Rather than plopping a new kitten on the floor and hoping your cat takes it well, plan out a room in your house where the kitten can acclimate and your cat can get used to their smell and sounds before meeting nose to nose. Give a new cat or kitten at least 48 hours to explore their safe room before letting them roam the whole house.

When you’re ready to introduce the two cats, place a baby gate at the doorway of the safe room, grab some yummy treats and reward both the new and resident kitty for appropriate behavior, like sniffing, walking away, or even social behavior like purring and rubbing against the gate. If it’s all hissing and raised hair follicles, close the door, and give everyone more time in separate parts of your house.

3. Litter box issues

Maybe your cat is living solo or gets along just fine with theirs other residents but doesn’t use the litter box consistently. First, rule out medical issues like a cat urinary tract infection (UTI) or arthritis that might be preventing them from getting over the tall edges of a litter box. Your veterinarian can help determine a possible cause. If nothing turns up, do a litter box evaluation:

  • Do you have more than one litter box, including one that is not closed in?
  • Do you offer more than one substrate like pine shavings and clumping litter?
  • Do you keep the boxes super clean, scooping them multiple times a day and fully cleaning them once a week using gentle soap instead of harsh chemicals?
  • Are the sides of the box low enough so a senior cat can step in comfortably?
  • Is the box big enough for your cat to do their thing and cover it up afterward?

Litter box challenges can be an indication of broader behavioral challenges as well. Have you recently returned to the office, and they’re struggling to adjust to a quiet apartment? Is there a new neighbor in 2B with a very vocal cat? You can help reduce their anxiety with a pheromone diffuser, use a product that naturally attracts them to the litter box, or litter box train your cat. And don’t forget to reach out for help — your local shelter and cat behaviorists can help identify the root cause and build a realistic plan to address it.

4. Accessible vet care

Access to veterinary care can be a challenge for many pet parents, but particularly those living in areas without many veterinary clinics. From regular wellness care to unexpected emergencies, medical care for your cat can add up. Pet insurance may offset the costs but if you’re unable to afford a treatment or surgery, talk with your veterinarian about a payment plan option. Some veterinary clinics and local shelters maintain an emergency fund to help pet owners who find themselves in an urgent situation with their cat.

If transportation is an issue, ask your veterinarian if their state allows tele-health. During the COVID-19 pandemic, some states authorized the use of virtual appointments, expanding how many animals could receive an initial consultation with a veterinarian without a trip to the clinic. Lastly, your community may have a low-cost option for spay/neutercat vaccinations, or other diagnostic needs. Your local shelter can help you find any available options.

We know that you intend to keep your cat forever but sometimes life can get complicated. Don’t be afraid to reach out for help — behaviorists, veterinarians, and local shelters are all here to support you.


Lindsay Hamrick lives in New Hampshire with her three dogs, chickens, and an assortment of rotating foster animals. She forces her elderly chihuahua, Grandma Baguette, on overnight backpacking trips, can diaper a lamb with one hand, and while she’s a long-time Certified Professional Dog Trainer, 66.7% of her dogs still won’t lay down when asked.

How Long Do Rabbits Live?

By Adrienne A. Kruzer, BBA, RVT, LVT

indoor bunny on sofa has longer lifespan
David Prado / Stocksy
Rabbits are playful, have soft fur, don’t make much noise, and live longer than several other kinds of pocket pets. All of these qualities (and more) make them popular pets for both kids and adults, but those thinking about adopting domestic rabbits should be prepared to give them the proper care they need to reach their full lifespan potential. Learn what kind of lifespan you can expect from your rabbit as well as what rabbits require to live long, happy lives.

Lifespan of rabbits

If you’ve never had one as a pet, you may be asking yourself, “How long do bunnies live as pets?” Rabbits are larger and have much longer lifespans than smaller pocket pets like hamsters, gerbils, and hedgehogs. The average rabbit lifespan is between five and ten years, with most healthy pet rabbits living to be around eight years old. This lifespan varies between different breeds of rabbits; most smaller rabbit breeds, like dwarf breeds, tend to live longer than larger rabbit breeds. The oldest rabbit on record was a wild rabbit who was caught and lived as a pet in Australia before passing away at over 18 years old.

If your bunny doesn’t receive proper nutrition, however, they most likely won’t live as long as an appropriately fed rabbit. Rabbits born with a health condition or who develop one later in life are also less likely to survive as long as a healthy rabbit would. Genetics can also play a part in the longevity of a bunny, as can daily environment and lifestyle. Rabbits who are regularly stressed, don’t get proper mental or physical stimulation, and/or are exposed to dangerous outside elements may not live as long as a pet rabbit that lives a relaxed yet active indoor lifestyle.

How to keep your rabbit healthy to live longer

To have the best chance of seeing your rabbit grow old, you’ll want to do what you can to help keep them healthy. Some tips for helping your rabbit live a long, healthy, and happy life include:

  • Provide proper nutrition

Since they are herbivores, rabbits eat plants, but the kind of plants they eat also matters. Appropriate amounts and kinds of vitamins, minerals, and fiber content need to be consumed so rabbits should primarily eat hay and leafy green vegetables with a small serving of fortified rabbit pellets each day. Limit treats and fruits to 10 percent or less of your rabbit’s diet, and provide both a water bowl and water bottle to encourage appropriate hydration.

  • Provide proper healthcare

Even though there aren’t any vaccines that rabbits in the U.S. need to get, your rabbit should still get regular check-ups with a veterinarian to help catch any small problems before they become big ones. Additionally, choosing to spay or neuter your bunny may help them have a long life since these procedures prevent rabbits from developing different types of cancers.

  • Keep your rabbit active

Rabbits need mental and physical stimulation to stay healthy. Encourage your rabbit to play, run, and work for their food by providing them an enriching environment. Rabbits enjoy having a variety of tunnels and platforms and plenty of space so they can hop and jump.

  • Keep your rabbit safe

If you house your rabbit outside in a hutch, ensure that the enclosure is safely secured. Predators like raccoons and hawks can easily hurt or kill a rabbit who lives outdoors. If your rabbit is outside playing with you, keep them in a safe, fenced-in area or on a harness and leash.

  • Keep your rabbit sanitary

Regular enclosure cleaning, as well as monitoring your rabbit’s feet and hind end, are necessary to avoid infections. Prevent fecal matter from building up in the cage, and bathe your rabbit as needed if urine or feces gets on their fur.

  • Give your rabbit a friend

Rabbits are social animals and do best if they have a companion rabbit. If you’re thinking about getting a rabbit, think about getting two instead.

Common rabbit illnesses

There are a number of illnesses that can negatively affect a rabbit’s lifespan, but a few are more commonly seen than others, including:

  • Cancer – Uterine, mammary, testicular, bone, and other kinds of cancers can occur in rabbits, but spaying and neutering can eliminate the risk for many of them.
  • Pasteurella multocida – This bacteria most commonly causes respiratory infections referred to as “snuffles” but can also cause abscesses, ear infections, conjunctivitis, and other issues.
  • GI Stasis – Often referred to as ileus, gastrointestinal or GI stasis occurs when a rabbit’s guts stop moving. This is a life-threatening issue and can occur due to pain, stress, inappropriate diet, parasites, and more.
  • Dental Issues – Rabbits’ teeth continuously grow, which can cause problems. If their teeth become too problematic, a rabbit may stop eating or develop dental abscesses, both of which can be life-threatening.

References:

Diseases in Rabbits | VCA Animal Hospitals

Evidence-Based Rabbit Housing and Nutrition

Cancer in Your Rabbit – Bishops Stortford Vets

Spreading of Pasteurella Multocida Infection in a Pet Rabbit Breeding and Possible Implications on Healed Bunnies 


Adrienne Kruzer is an accomplished veterinary technician and writer with over 15 years of hands-on experience caring for domestic and exotic animals.

Bunny VS. Rabbit: What’s the Difference?

By Adrienne A. Kruzer, BBA, RVT, LVT

rabbit and bunny being held by man and woman
Cottonbro studio / Pexels
If you’re wondering what the difference between a bunny and a rabbit is, you’re not alone. Do these words mean the same thing, or is one only appropriate for a certain age or type of animal? Find out if there’s a difference and, if so, what that difference is, so you can use the proper terminology when referring to your fluffy pet.

Are bunnies and rabbits different?

There is no difference between bunnies and rabbits — the word “bunny” is just another word for rabbit. The main difference between the use of the word bunny versus rabbit is that many people describe small or baby rabbits as bunnies. But it’s also not wrong to call larger or adult rabbits “bunnies” — and many rabbit owners use the word as a term of endearment for their mature rabbits. It’s worth noting that “bunny” is a term used for both domesticated and wild rabbits.

Bunny vs. rabbit vs. hare

So, if bunnies and rabbits are the same, what sets them apart from hares? Let’s jump into what makes a rabbit a true rabbit.

What is a rabbit?

A rabbit is a furry mammal with long ears, powerful hind legs, and a fluffy tail that looks like a cotton ball. There are both domesticated and wild rabbits. Domesticated rabbit breeds are found in homes across the world as pets as well as on farms where they are raised for food. The American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) has recognized 49 different breeds of domestic rabbits. “Oryctolagus cuniculus” is the Latin species name for all domesticated rabbits, regardless of their breed. They are part of the order “Lagomorpha” and the family “Leporidae” but are not the same as hares or wild rabbits.

Rabbits can live an average of eight years, but their lifespans vary greatly. One pet rabbit is even recorded to have lived to be 18 years old, but most live to be between five and 10 years. Rabbits may be referred to as bunnies their entire lives.

What is a hare?

Hares and wild rabbits are part of the same order and family as domestic rabbits but have different genera. There are two kinds of wild rabbits: Cottontail rabbits and Pygmy rabbits. Wild Cottontail rabbits are part of the genus “Sylvilagus,” and wild Pygmy rabbits are part of the genus “Brachylagus.” Lastly, hares, also known as “jackrabbits,” are part of the genus “Lepus.” Hares have longer ears than most rabbits and 48 chromosomes, while rabbits have 44. Wild rabbits and hares may all also be referred to as bunnies.

Hares typically have a lifespan of about three to five years in the wild, although some may live longer in captivity. Factors such as habitat, predation, and availability of food can influence their lifespan.

Is it correct to say bunny?

The word bunny has a few different meanings, one of which is an informal word for rabbit. While it is correct to call a rabbit a bunny, however, it is not the formal word for animals in the “Leporidae” family. You can call a rabbit of any age a bunny and can also refer to male rabbits as “bucks” and girl rabbits as “does.”

Other terms that are used when referring to rabbits:

  • Coney (an old term for rabbit)
  • Lapin (French for rabbit)
  • Bunny rabbit (often used by children)

What are baby rabbits called?

Baby rabbits are sometimes referred to as bunnies, but the technical term is “kit.” The word is derived from the word “kitten,” but this longer name is not commonly used. When a rabbit gives birth, it is called “kindling,” and up to 15 kits can be born in a litter. All rabbit kits are born without fur, and their eyes and ears are sealed shut. As they grow, bunnies develop fur and are able to see and hear. At about six to eight weeks of age, a kit can leave their mother and survive on their own, so you won’t find a bunny for sale or adoption that is any younger than this.

References

Studies in Mammalian Spermatogenesis VI. The Chromosomes of the Rabbit

Living with wildlife: Rabbits

Department of Natural Resources: Cottontail Rabbit

Baby Bunnies Best Left in Nest


Adrienne Kruzer is an accomplished veterinary technician and writer with over 15 years of hands-on experience caring for domestic and exotic animals.